Criminal Justice Data Quality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1662 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Did you like this example? Research study has been done on prosecution of child sexual abuse cases from the past few decades. In today’s paper, this research has been studied and provided facts, methods and conclusion with the help of five articles. A meta-analysis of rates of Criminal Justice Decisions. Using coplink to analyze Criminal-Justice Data. Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of Criminal Justice outcomes: A meta-analysis Prosecution rate and quality of the investigative interview in child sexual abuse cases. Factors associated with delays of days to decades to criminal prosecutions of Child Sexual Abuse. Introduction and Observations: From the first article, it is evident that this study meta-analyzed rates of criminal justice decisions in 21 studies of prosecution of child abuse. Rates of referral to prosecution, filing charges, and incarceration varied considerably. Compared to national data, child abuse was less likely to lead to filing charges and incarceration than most other felonies but more likely to be carried forward without dismissal. Thus, prosecuting child abuse is generally neither feckless nor reckless. Rates can be misleading and cannot be the sole measure of prosecution success. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Justice Data Quality" essay for you Create order From the second article, the Coplink project, which unites the technical expertise of the University of Arizona’s Artificial Intelligence Lab with the Tucson Police Department’s law enforcement domain knowledge. Coplink serves the community by bridging the gap between conducting research in cutting-edge technologies and solving real-world problems such as helping police officers fight crime. The Coplink project attacks several problems existing in many law enforcement agencies by developing a model integrated system that lets law officers’ access and share information with other agencies. Coplink has the additional goal of developing consistent, intuitive, and easy-to-use interfaces and applications that support specific and often complex law enforcement functions and tasks. From the third article, it has been observed that the risk-appraisal and self-report procedures are divergent methods of data collection, with risk-appraisal procedures relying in part or in whole on historical, chart, and non-self-report information and self-report measures relying exclusively on self-report data. The risk-appraisal/self-report differentiation should not be confused with actuarial and clinical methods of prediction, as both risk-appraisal and self-report methods of data collection can be entered into actuarial decision models or treated clinically. The five risk-appraisal procedures which will be used to for a meta-analysis are: Historical-Clinical-Risk Scales (HCR–20), Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF), Level of Service-Inventory (LSI), Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG). more self-report measures will also be included, such as BDHI, etc. From the fourth and fifth article, a brief analysis about the prosecution rate in child sexual abuse cases. From the study, it has been examined that the reason for the low prosecution rate in child sexual abuse cases is the poor quality of the interviews conducted by the interviewers. The relationship between interview quality and prosecution rate has been clearly examined in this research. Interviews with the older children has been of good quality on one hand and when it comes to interviews with young children has been of poor quality on the other hand. There are various reasons behind this poor quality. Analysis: Most of the child sexual abuse cases resulted in many psychological problems especially in younger children. Child sexual abuse can always affect children by causing trauma on the child and resulting in cascading effects in terms of social, sexual, physical and mental problems. This research has been conducted in Sweden and Canada and it has been found that the number of child rape cases have been rapidly increased up to 450% from the year 1987 to 2003. There has been tremendous increase in small abuse cases like sexual harassment about 200% in the same time period. Based on the increasing knowledge of parents and social media effects, people are coming forward and registering cases. These cases have been taken seriously and the convicts who got imprisonment have been increased from 73 to 145 in the same time period. It has been observed that the rate of reporting is higher than the conviction numbers. There are many reasons behind these figures. One of the main reasons for this low-quality prosecution rate is there is no evidence except the child’s statement. There are statements against this saying that due to advanced medical examinations, the convicts can be easily given imprisonment which will be a big evidence to the justice. Justice has been facing problems with the cases of preschoolers than the teenagers. Hence, interviewer has a challenger when interviewing them which results in a bad quality. In Canada, a maximum of 55% CSA cases were filed in the year 2012 and it has been observed that most of the victims are under age 18. These cases have been becoming a challenge to criminal courts not only in Canada but also in most of the American states, Australia, UK, Europe. Below are only the published CSA cases in Canada from 1986 to 2012. There has been increase in the percentage of cases between the years 1991 and 1998. A substantial decrease can be seen in the years 2000 and 2002. Factors associated with delays to Criminal Prosecutions of CSA: There have been a lot of changes in the criminal justice in the past 30 years and there are few factors which are related with the delays in prosecutions of CSA cases. Judicial warnings are no longer mandatory in most jurisdictions. To lessen the trauma of testifying, courtroom modifications are in the form of testimonial supports but they are fully in progress. An attitude that children’s evidence is inherently unreliable. Knowledge of terrifying forensic system is very low in children which always plays an important role in evidence. Methods: In contrast to a traditional literature review, a meta-analysis statistically combines results in an objective manner to summarize and synthesize selected empirical studies (Cooper Hedges, 1994; Lipsey Wilson, 2001). In addition, meta-analysis provides a foundation for future research by identifying what is and what is not known about a particular topic. Rates were calculated for the following decision points in the prosecution of child abuse: referral, filing criminal charges, diversion, carrying cases forward (versus dismissing them), guilty plea, trial, conviction, and incarceration. Comparison data were gathered from 12 national studies of prosecution in urban areas conducted for the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) 328 TRAUMA, VIOLENCE, ABUSE / October 2003 from 1977 to 1998. Crime analysts and detectives create knowledge from information daily by analyzing and generalizing current criminal records. In general, building a domain-specific concept space (CS) involves three main steps. First, to locate the sources from which they will derive terms or concepts, developers must identify document collections in a specific subject domain. Second, the terms must be filtered and indexed. At last, a co-occurrence analysis captures the relationships among indexed terms. Data for this meta-analysis were identified in a computerized search of the PsycINFO, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, and Cambridge Scientific Criminal Justice Abstracts databases, followed by several expert opinions. Effect sizes were point-biserial correlations computed between a continuous risk-appraisal or self-report predictor and a dichotomous outcome. Individual Z scores were calculated for each effect size. They carried a research by observing 18 video-taped interviews with children which were provided by the officers. After going through every interview of each child, they finally categorized their analysis in 12 aspects along with the interrater reliabilities which is intraclass correlation with a scale rate of 1 to 5. Table 1. Twelve aspects used to analyze the interviews and the intraclass correlations Aspects of the interview Intraclass correlation The extent to which the interviewer establishes ground rules (i.e. Do you know the difference between telling the truth and a lie? Explaining that it is ok to answer I don’t know; Explaining why the same question may be asked several times) 0.87 The extent to which the interviewer builds rapport with the child 0.65 The extent to which the interviewer use closed-end or open-ended questions (1=only closed end; 5=only open ended) 0.60 The extent to which the interviewer allows the child to tell the story without interrupting 0.73 The extent to which the child seems tormented during the interview 0.92 The extent to which the child verbalizes negative emotions during the abuse 0.92 The extent to which the interview consists of short questions and long answers 0.76 The general quality of the interview (1=very bad; 5=very good) 0.68 The extent to which the interviewer allows the child practice free recall? * 0.00 The extent to which the interviewer encourages the child to tell everything about the abuse†  0.49 The extent to which the interviewer helps the child to report details about one specific event of abuse (when frequent abuse) †  0.45 The extent to which the interviewer uses techniques from the Cognitive Interview* 1.00 The last four aspects were excluded from further analyses. *Aspect was excluded because of no variance. Aspect was excluded because of to low intraclass correlation. Conclusion From the articles, it can be concluded that for the child abuse studies, the Q statistic was statistically significant at p Coplink CS has been successfully deployed at the Tucson Police Department, where crime analysts, officers, detectives, and sergeants from 16 departmental units use the technology voluntarily as part of their daily investigative routine. This cross-section comprises approximately 30 to 40 percent of TPD’s investigative units and includes 90 percent of the crime analysts. Investigative units include adult and child sexual assault, aggravated assault, auto theft, elder abuse, community office, fraud, gangs, homicide, undercover, neighborhood crimes, night detectives, patrol, robbery, and warrants. Although risk-appraisal procedures displayed an advantage over self-report measures in recidivism prediction, the two methods produced comparable results when the meta-analysis was restricted to investigations using content-relevant self-report predictors. Incremental validity analysis of 72 risk-appraisal/self-report contrasts revealed that both sets of measures accounted for criminal justice outcomes beyond the variance attributable to the alternate method.

Abraham Lincoln was a Hypocrite Essay - 988 Words

Abraham Lincoln was a Hypocrite Abraham Lincoln was always known as a good and honest man. There are many other opinions that refute this statement. Many theories say that Lincoln was far from good and honest. Throughout his life he tried to do good then as president he tried to hold a nation together by tactics that could be looked at as unpleasant. Abraham Lincoln is considered a hero to many, but he could also be looked at to be a hypocrite and a racist because of his ideas about the Negro race and slave policy during his time. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in Harden Country, Kentucky. From an early age he was known as Abe. Lincoln later moved to Kentucky with his parents. Lincoln always wanted to be a†¦show more content†¦pag.). This clearly shows that Lincoln was not out for the Negro but just to preserve the union. He says in many other debates that he thought the Negro had a physical difference from the white man as well as an intellectual difference (Lincoln-Douglas, n. pag.). Lincoln was considered by many in the south to be a bigot, a white supremacist who wanted segregation and opposed civil and political rights for blacks (Oates 21). Stephen B. Oates talks of many of the theories in his book, like that many southerners concluded that Lincoln was with them in the matters of race (22). Many of these examples show that Lincoln was a hypocrite of some sorts. He would appeal to the southerners by making statements that led them to believe that he was against the Negro. Yet he was writing the emancipation proclamation that was supposed to free all of the slaves. This also is debatable that the proclamation freed any slaves at all. The emancipation proclamation is looked at by some as one of the most far-re aching pronouncements ever issued in the United States (Oates 25). 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Case Study Philips free essay sample

Describe the vertical and horizontal structuring of corporate communication within Philips. What can you say about the effectiveness of these structures in the light of the company`s repositioning around sense and simplicity and its increased focus on managing its corporate reputation with different stakeholder groups? When it comes to the vertical corporate communications within Phillips, it comes down to the idea of Prast and colleagues selecting a communication model that fits and support the culture, strategy and configuration of Phillips with themes that serves as a common reference point as stated by Prast and an example is the ‘orchestration model. ’ this is vertical because the decision comes from Prast office and it is shared across board, so it has a central function which makes it higher than the regional departments. The horizontal structure is the decentralized local communications departments which are made of teams and professionals in the local offices, which includes the human resource, finance and other important departments that engage with the stakeholders. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Philips or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though they have a common them message, they are autonomous and can find other ways to achieve the goals of central theme. When the corporate communication, is sentralized the effectiveness of the corporate reputation message will not be as effective as a desentralized, because stakeholders from different regions have different perceptions of ideology and behaviour. . To what extent do you think that process survey tools can be effectively used within corporate communication in other multinational corporations? Are these tools applicable to any type of multinational or does their effectiveness depend on characteristics of the corporation, such as its size, strategy or culture? The process of survey tools can be very efficient, but the outcome can vary from company to company and also on how it is been used. In Philips case the survey tools was to reflect the wider emphasis on standardization, optimization and measurement within the engineering culture of the company. It also helped in making the corporate communication processes more visible and consistent across the company and strengthened the accountability of corporate communication by improving its performance and delivering results. When discussing if tools are applicable to any type of multinational company or not I would say that it also is dependent on the size of the company. A simple survey amongst the employees to see what they currently feel towards the company is more applicable to a smaller company than a large company. It is also much easier for employees to voice their opinions in a smaller company. To have an arena for the employees to voice their opinion is important regardless if it is a big company or small, this to make them feel like they are a part of the company. This also makes it easier for the company to have the employees work in tune. A good example is First Capital Connect (FCC) which is a train operating company in UK. Their results of a staff survey showed the need for an internal campaign to change the culture. Objectives were set to engender a feeling of belonging to FCC among staff to ensure that they felt valued and to develop a two-way communication empowering staff to deliver excellent customer service. A campaign was built and was successful. Employees felt engaged and empowered staff to deliver good customer service. The campaign also resulted in a significant reduction in train delays and an increase in overall customer satisfaction. (Tench and Yeomans, 2006) Through this example one can draw a conclusion in that the effectiveness of the survey tools are depended on the size, strategy and culture of the corporation.

Sarah Osorio MCHS Essays - Indian Religions, Buddhism, Religion

Sarah Osorio MCHS Jae/Final Project 12/5/16 The Principles of Buddhism Buddhism is a widely followed religion by many countries. It was founded about 2,500 years ago by an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gotama. The prince grew up in northeast India, in a place which is known today as Nepal. The prince was born around 563 BCE , to King Sudhodana and Queen Maya. The prince lived in a palace with his family, which was gifted to him by his father. As Siddhartha matured, he became known as the Buddha, which means the enlightened one . Buddhism is derived from Hinduism, but there are still many differences. For example, Hindus follow polytheism, while Buddhists follow atheism. Also, Hinduism has the caste system, which is based on skin color and wealth. The reason Hinduism and Buddhism have such a strong relationship is because the in the area in which Buddhism was born, there were many practicing Hindus. They also have things in common such as reincarnation, they both believe in Nirvana, and they both believe that life is suffering. As the religion evolved, people interpreted things Siddhartha said in two different ways. These are known as Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada teaches its followers to worry more about themselves than others and that reaching N irvana is their ultimate goal in life. Nirvana is similar to heaven for Buddhists. In Nirvana, there is no suffering, desire, or sense of self. Unlike Mahayana, they strive for wisdom first, meaning they strive to be as open minded and well informed as the Buddha. While Mahayana teaches to always put others needs before one's own needs, Mahayana believes that compassion is the highest virtue. Specifically, caring and being empathetic towards others is the best quality to have and shows great humbleness. While the people who follow Theravada have the ultimate goal to reach Nirvana for themselves, the followers of Mahayana strive to help the people around them reach Nirvana. Although Buddhism has these two different views, they both believ e in the four noble truths and the 8 fold path. These are guidelines that tell Buddhists how to live their lives. The 8 fold path teaches people to always have respect for one another and to focus on what is important . Such as having right intention, understanding, and action. The 4 noble truths teach you that although life is suffering, it always has an end. Buddhist's have two ways of looking at the belief system, both with a different perspective on life, but the belief system of Buddhism and the Buddha are selfless. Siddartha Gotama, the Buddha, made sure that all beings were taken care of even if it meant damaging his own relationships. One day the prince came across a white swan that was injured, he saw the bird and immediately began to help it. For example, "He said that he had saved the swans life, and therefore it belonged to him" (3). This shows that the prince is selfless because he didn't care about the fact that the swan technically belonged to his cousin, only that he was able to save it. Although it might have angered and hurt his cousin, the prince was more worried about the fact that the swan was injured and was willing to risk anything to save it. Both boys wanted the bird so badly that they took it to the court, but as expected Siddartha won and got to save the bird's life. In following the Buddha's example , Mahayana Buddhism teaches its followers to help all members of the community and to put others before themselves. According to the class lecture on November 14, 2016, the Mahayana version asks its followers to hold off on entering Nirvana, "To help all others...enter first . " Siddhartha shows this when he goes on his journey to cure people's fear of old age, disease, and death. Although this took a great toll on his body and eventually made him extremely thin and endure whatever mother nature had to offer him, he persevered and was focused on the well being of his community and helping put an end to sorrow. He was more worried about the well being of his